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    • 专利摘要:
    Procedure to encourage the abscission of the olive and facilitate its collection through the application of sphinganine. The present invention relates to a process to promote the abscission of the olive, especially to facilitate its collection by applying sphinganine in the form of foliar spray before the olive harvest. The treatment of olive trees with sphinganine reduces the strength of retention of the olive to the tree and in this way, facilitates that these can be collected economically with little manual or mechanical aid within the appropriate time of collection and that, without causing defoliation of the olive trees . (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2612728A1
    申请号:ES201631635
    申请日:2016-12-21
    公开日:2017-05-18
    发明作者:María Carmen GÓMEZ JIMÉNEZ
    申请人:Universidad de Extremadura；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:


    PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE ITS COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF SPHINGANINE

     5
    DESCRIPTION

    SECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE

    This invention relates to a new procedure, in the area of agriculture, to promote abscission of the fruit by treatment with sphinganine. Specifically, the invention relates to a method for reducing the retention force of the olive to the tree and facilitating the harvesting of the olive manually or mechanically.

    STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE 15

    Abscission is a complex process, genetically programmed and regulated during development, through which multicellular organs such as leaves, flowers, or fruits become separated from the body of the plant (AB Bleecker and SE Patterson. The Plant Cell 9 ( 1997) 1169; JE Taylor and CA Whitelaw. New Phytologist 151 (2001) 323; JA Roberts, KA Elliot, 20 and ZH González-Carranza. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53 (2002) 131). Abscission occurs at predetermined sites called the abscission zones (ZA), which consist of some layers of small cells that respond in different ways to neighboring cells such as hormonal or environmental signals (JA Roberts, KA Elliot, and ZH González- Carranza, Annual Review of Plant Biology 53 (2002) 131; ZH Gonzalez-Carranza, 25 AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts. Plant Physiology 160 (2012) 1342).
    In the abscission of the fruit, knowledge of the mechanisms involved is essential to develop control strategies and improve harvesting. Advances in genetic and molecular analyzes on fleshy fruit abscission have been limited by the lack of appropriate experimental genetic material (genotypes or mutants of abscission) and by the small amount of ZA cells available in the model species for these analysis. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classical physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the involvement of multiple routes and coordinated processes in abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, 5 U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts

    In olive trees (Olea europaea L.), a crop of great economic interest in Spain, being in the first place worldwide in surface area and production of olive oil and table olives, the regulation of the abscission of the fruit constitutes an agronomic problem. At present, there are olive varieties, such as “Manzanilla Sevillana” (variety of table olives) and “Arbequina” (oil variety), whose fruits have a high retention force at the time of collection and therefore, The efficiency of mechanical harvesting is very low, causing an increase in the costs of harvesting the fruit, which represents, today, a critical cost to the farmer. The use of chemicals that facilitate olive abscission has been under investigation for more than forty years (HT Hartmann, A. Tombesi and J. Whisler. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 95 (1970) 635) . The best products to facilitate the abscission of olives have been ethylene releasers (H.T. Hartmann, A. Tombesi and J. Whisler.

    The 1-amino-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (ethylene precursor) is known to be capable of inducing olive abscission (see, for example, ES Pat. No. 496303). It is also known that the addition of certain natural substances to olive trees can favor the abscission of the fruit (see, for example, ES Pat. No. 328941). However, these chemical products have their greatest disadvantage in the activation of the ripening of the fruit which is not desirable in the collection of table olive varieties, such as the "Manzanilla Sevillana". 30
    Currently, to facilitate the abscission of the olive and the collection of table olive varieties, a product called CLOUD (ethephon 48% [SL] P / V) has been marketed by the company SAPEC AGRO. However, this treatment continues to have negative effects on the olive grove already mentioned above, such as activation of leaf fall, activation of fruit ripening and environmental toxicity. In recent years, experiments have been carried out by spraying foliar ethephon with monopotassium phosphate verifying that this product causes abscission of the fruit with less fall of olive leaves (D. Barranco, O. Arquero, C. Navarro, and HF Rapoport. HortScience 39 ( 2004) 1313, however, the results are highly dependent on weather conditions and crop status, and therefore, have not been reproducible (S. Castro-García, GL Blanco Roldán, F. Jiménez-Jiménez, JA Gil-Ribes, L. Ferguson, K. Glozer, WH Krueger, EJ Fichtner, JK Burns, JA Miles and UA Rosa Acta Hortic. 965 (2012) 29; I. Zipori, A. Dag and Y. Tugendhaft. Hortscience 49 (2014) 55) Therefore, an active agent for the abscission of the fruit has not yet been found to facilitate mechanized harvesting in the varieties of table olives 10. In this sense, the sector currently demands the use of compounds that promote fruit abscission for improvement r mechanized harvesting in table olives varieties, and consequently, to reduce harvest harvesting costs, without negative effects on the olive grove.
     fifteen
    The procedure object of this patent application comes to solve this problem by using sphinganine. Sphinganine, also known as dihydrosphingosine, is a sphingolipid with the molecular formula C18H39NO2 and has the molecular weight 301.50776 g / mol (CAS #: 764-22-7). Sphinganine is a saturated analog of another sphingolipid, sphingosine, and chemically it is: (2S, 3R) -2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol or, commonly, dihydrosphingosine. Sphinganine is an intermediate product of sphingosine synthesis, which results from the combination of serine with palmitic aldehyde. The chemical structure of sphinganine is shown in Figure 1.
    Sphingolipids are compounds of lipid nature present in all eukaryotic cells, although it is also possible to find them in some prokaryotes. The generic term 25 of sphingolipids designates both complex sphingolipids located in the membrane (glycosylceramides, inositol-phosphoceramides and glycosyl-inositol-phosphorylceramides in plants) and their metabolic precursors, that is, ceramides and sphingoid bases or bases of long chain (LCB), such as sphinganine and sphingosine (MO Pata, YA Hannun and CK-Y Ng. New Phytologist 185 (2010) 30 611). Therefore, sphingolipids constitute a diverse family of hundreds of molecular entities (JL. Cacas, S. Melser, F. Domergue, J. Joubès, B. Bourdenx, JM Schmitter, S. Mongrand. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 403 (2012) 2745; I. Guillas, J. Puyaubert and E. Baudouin. Front. Plant Sci., 4 (2013) 341). Although complex sphingolipid levels in cell membranes are high, LCBs are in very low amounts regularly and the differential and programmed variation of their concentrations seems to constitute signals of transduction pathways (I. Guillas, J. Puyaubert and E. Baudouin Front Plant Sci., 4 (2013) 341). The relative quantity of the different sphingolipid species is not constant, but undergoes changes due to the regulation of the synthesis, degradation and / or phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of sphingolipids that lead to differential levels of specific sphingolipids (A. Kihara, S Mitsutake, Y. Mizutani, and Y. Igarashi, Y. Prog. Lipid Res. 46 (2007) 126). To date, at least 500 different sphingolipid classes are known (MO Pata, YA Hannun and CK-Y Ng. New Phytologist 185 (2010) 611), and it has been seen that only Arabidopsis thaliana, contains about 168 (JE Markham, DV Lynch, JA 10 Napier, TM Dunn and EB Cahoon Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 16 (2013) 350). The synthetic routes of these compounds are similar between mammals, fungi and plants. However, each species shows differences in the classes of sphingolipids synthesized and the proportions present in each; This difference is observed even among plants, depending on the species. Recently, sphingolipids have revealed key elements in signal transduction cascades 15 that regulate important processes of cellular physiology in plants (LV Michaelson, JA Napier, D. Molino and JD Faure JD. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1861 (2016) 1329). Consequently, the biology of sphingolipids has become an important target for research in cell signaling in plants (I. Guillas, J. Puyaubert and E. Baudouin.

    DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

    The present invention relates to a method for promoting the abscission of the olive, in particular, to facilitate its collection by applying sphinganine in the form of foliar spray before harvesting the olive. The treatment of olives with sphinganine reduces the retention force of the olive to the tree and thus facilitates that these can be economically collected with little manual or mechanical assistance within the appropriate time of harvesting and without causing olive tree defoliation. 30
    Harvesting is the most expensive operation in the olive grove, exceeding 50% of total cultivation expenses. In the last decades the harvesting has been mechanized, although for table olive varieties and very early harvesting oil varieties, the demolition efficiency is very low due to the high retention force of the fruit and therefore, the collection is forced manual making the collection costs more expensive. In this sense, the production of table olives worldwide is becoming unsustainable due to the stagnation in economic profitability and the increase in manual collection costs. With the need to mechanize the harvesting of table olives due to the existing problems of manual collection costs, the sector demands the use of 5 chemical compounds that cause abscission of the fruit, not affecting the olive tree as much as possible .

    The main technical problem to which this invention is directed, takes into account that at this moment there is no definitive solution to facilitate the olive harvest in 10 varieties of table olives and in oil varieties that are collected very early, whether The harvesting is manual as if it is carried out mechanically, and consequently, to reduce the high costs of olive harvesting.

    The present invention is directed to solve the need of the olive sector of an agent 15 that favors the abscission of the olive, especially in table olive varieties ("Manzanilla Sevillana") and in oil varieties that are collected very early ( “Arbequina) without causing damage to the olive tree, such as defoliation and acceleration of fruit ripening, in order to reduce the costs of olive harvesting. It has been found, surprisingly, that sphinganine at a certain concentration has a favorable action on the abscission of the olive applied days before harvesting without causing damage to the olive tree. The invention provides a solution to the existing need through the use of sphingonine. Therefore, the present invention aims to present a new procedure to favor the abscission of the olive, as well as a new product that activates the abscission of the fruit, especially for varieties of table olives and varieties of very early harvest oil. In addition, a product for olive abscission has been found that does not have the disadvantages specified above.

    The application of this product allows the collection of the fruit is carried out at the appropriate time, so that the fruit is in optimal conditions for consumption as a 30-table olive, being able to make the collection stepwise, as the mills admit it. This product is totally harmless and its application is very easy, it can be done in the form of rain with any of the devices used in the spraying of insecticide products.

    The main advantages of the present invention are:
    - Significantly reduced collection costs, especially in varieties of 5 table olives and oil varieties that are harvested very early.
    - Reduction of damage to the olive tree (defoliation).
    - Allows harvesting at the optimum time.
    - Vibration time reduction.
    - Increase in the percentages of demolition of olives. 10
    - Increase the profitability of the exploitation.

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CONTENT OF THE FIGURES
    Figure 1 represents the chemical structure of sphinganine
    Figure 2 shows the branches of the “Manzanilla Sevillana” variety where: 15
    a) Branches treated with water (control) for 3 days.
    b) Branches treated with water (control) for 6 days.
    c) Branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 3 days.
    d) Branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 6 days.
    Figure 3 shows the branches of the variety "Arbequina" where: 20
    a) Branches treated with water (control) for 3 days.
    b) Branches treated with water (control) for 6 days.
    c) Branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 3 days.
    d) Branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 6 days.
     25
    The process according to the invention is characterized in that olives bearing olives are treated before harvesting with sphinganine. The use of sphinganine according to the invention allows such fruits to be detached with little manual or mechanical assistance due to the decrease in the retention force of the fruit and, therefore, can be economically harvested without causing the olive tree to fall. 5

    Sphinganine can be applied by atomizing the trees with an aqueous solution containing sphinganine according to the invention at a concentration of 250 ppm (parts per million). Aqueous solutions of sphinganine with 250 ppm concentration are prepared using solvents such as ethanol or DMSO at 25 mg / mL. Sphinganine is homogenized in one of the 10 solvents mentioned and such concentrate can be diluted before use with water to prepare a 250 ppm aqueous solution of sphinganine. The treatment of olive trees with sphinganine solutions is carried out 3 to 6 days before harvesting and causes a decrease in the retention force of the fruit, facilitating the release of the olive. It is advantageous to spray or spray the leaves and fruits of the olive trees at a rate of about 5-10 15 L / tree. After 3-6 days from the treatment, the tree branches are shaken, manually or mechanically, to cause the fruits to fall.
    It follows that the invention has all the necessary characteristics and properties, so that the fruit falls naturally in the time set beforehand. Describing sufficiently the nature and scope of the present invention, as well as the manner in which it can be put into practice, it is stated that the terms in which this report is written are true and faithful reflection of the object described, and should be taken broadly and never in a limiting way.

    EXAMPLE OF EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 25

    Example 1.
    "PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE ITS COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF SPHINGANINE" in olive trees of the "Manzanilla Sevillana" variety. 30

    To determine the action of sphinganine on the abscission of olives, the following field test was performed:
    The field test was carried out on trees of 20-25 years of the olive variety "Manzanilla Sevillana" cultivated under drip irrigation and irrigation with suitable fertilizers in solution in an Olivenza farm (Badajoz). The treatment was carried out on a total of 20 olive trees of the "Manzanilla Sevillana" variety, selected for uniformity of size and fruit load. 5

    For the preparation of the treatment of the aqueous solution of 250 ppm of sphinganine, 500 mg of sphinganine (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 40 mL of absolute ethanol and subsequently, the solution was diluted with water to a volume of 2000 mL.
     10
    Olive trees are sprayed in the form of an aqueous solution (2000 mL per branch) once at 6 days before the olive harvest. It is advantageous to spray or spray the aqueous solution of the leaves and fruits of the trees. In each olive tree, two uniform branches were selected: a control branch (application of 2000 mL of water) and a treated branch (application of 2000 mL of 250 ppm of sphinganine) in a total of 20 olive trees of the variety 15 "Manzanilla Sevillana" .

    In order to get a measurable idea of the process of abscission of the fruit at 3 and 6 days of treatment, the fruit retention force (FRF), in kg force (kgf), was measured by a dynamometer (Correx, Switzerland). For this, FRF measurements were made at 50 fruits for 20 each branch of the 20 trees selected at 3 days and 6 days after treatment. Therefore, the control fruits were treated with water at 6 days, and collected from the branches of the same trees treated with sphinganine at 3 and 6 days after treatment. Figure 2 shows the branches of the “Manzanilla Sevillana” variety, where a) are the branches treated with water (control) for 3 days; b) the branches treated with water (control) for 6 days of treatment; c) the branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 3 days and d) the branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 6 days of treatment.

    The following table shows the average value of the FRF measured in the fruits of the control branches (water treatment) and the treated branches (treatment with 250 ppm sphinganine) 30 of the variety “Manzanilla Sevillana” at 3 and 6 days of treatment (100 fruits / tree). The application of sphinganine decreased the FRF of the olives of the "Manzanilla Sevillana" variety and did not cause olive tree defoliation.

    Table 1. Force of retention of the fruit and% defoliation in olive trees of the variety “Manzanilla Sevillana” at 3 and 6 days after treatment with 250 ppm of sphinganine and with water (control). The results are mean ± SD (n = 1000).

     5
    After 3-6 days from the treatment, the tree branches are shaken, manually or mechanically, to cause the fruit to fall and the olive is collected.


    Example 2. 10
    “PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE ITS COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF SPHINGANINE“ in olive trees of the “Arbequina” variety.

    The field test was carried out on trees of 20-25 years of the olive variety "Arbequina" 15 grown under drip irrigation and irrigation with suitable fertilizers in solution in an Olivenza farm (Badajoz). The treatment was carried out on a total of 20 olive trees of the “Arbequina” variety, selected for uniformity of size and fruit load.
    For the preparation of the treatment of the aqueous solution of 250 ppm of sphinganine, 500 mg of sphinganine (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 40 mL of absolute ethanol and subsequently, the solution was diluted with water to a volume of 2000 mL.

    Olive trees are sprayed in the form of an aqueous solution (2000 mL per branch) once at 6 days before the olive harvest. It is advantageous to spray or spray the aqueous solution of the leaves and fruits of the trees. In each olive tree, two 25 uniform branches were selected: a control branch (application of 2000 mL of water) and a treated branch (application of 2000 mL of 250 ppm of sphinganine) in a total of 20 olive trees of the “Arbequina” variety.

    In order to get a measurable idea of the process of abscission of the fruit at 3 and 6 days of treatment, the fruit retention force (FRF), in kg force (kgf), was measured by a dynamometer (Correx, Switzerland). To do this, FRF measurements were made at 50 fruits for each branch of the 20 trees selected at 3 days and 6 days after treatment. Therefore, the control fruits were treated with water at 6 days, and collected from branches 5 of the same trees treated with sphinganine at 3 and 6 days after treatment. Figure 3 shows the branches of the “Arbequina” variety, where a) are the branches treated with water (control) for 3 days; b) the branches treated with water (control) for 6 days of treatment; c) the branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 3 days and d) the branches treated with 250 ppm of sphinganine for 6 days of treatment. 10

    The following table shows the average value of the FRF measured in the fruits of the control branches (water treatment) and the treated branches (treatment with 250 ppm sphinganine) of the variety “Arbequina” at 3 and 6 days after treatment (100 fruits / tree). The application of sphinganine decreased the FRF of the olives of the “Arbequina” variety and did not cause olive tree defoliation.

    Table 2. Force of retention of the fruit and% defoliation in olive trees of the variety "Arbequina" at 3 and 6 days after treatment with 250 ppm of sphinganine and with water (control). The results are mean ± SD (n = 1000). twenty


    After 3-6 days from the treatment, the tree branches are shaken, manually or mechanically, to cause the fruit to fall and the olive is collected.
      25
    权利要求:
    Claims (4)
    [1]


    1. PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE 5 ITS COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF SPHINGANINE, characterized in that the olive trees are treated, 3 to 6 days before the olives are harvested, by spraying or spraying foliar with an aqueous solution of sphinganine, which causes a decrease in the retention force of the olive to the tree, subsequently proceeding to manual or mechanical agitation of the tree. 10
    [2]
    2. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the concentration of sphinganine in the solution is 250 parts per million.
    [3]
    3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the olive trees are the olive trees of the "Manzanilla Sevillana" variety.
    [4]
    4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the olive trees are the olive trees of the variety "Arbequina".
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